Contents of bathroom cabinets impacting marine life
BY SUSAN WEST | SENTINEL STAFF
Most people don't see a stockpile of environmental contaminants when they look in their bathroom cabinets, but pharmaceuticals and personal care products contain thousands of chemicals that could impact aquatic life.
Agricultural and industrial chemicals, byproducts and waste, like DDT, PCBs and dioxins, have long been recognized as sources of pollution.
But now scientists are studying how chemicals in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) affect fish and other marine organisms.
"The focus isn't on what happens when someone flushed unused drugs down the toilet, but rather on our daily lifestyles," said Sid Mitra, professor of geological sciences at East Carolina University.
PPCPs include over-the-counter and prescription drugs, like antibiotics, antidepressants, painkillers, and hormones, and personal care products ranging from shampoos and deodorants to cosmetics.
Excreted or washed off, PPCPs flush down a drain into either a septic tank or a sewage treatment system.
Mitra said chemicals can leak into septic drainage areas or move through a treatment system fairly freely, remaining biologically active.
"And new drugs are developed every year, so the total variety of chemicals keeps increasing," he said.
Unlike agricultural and industrial pollutants, chemicals in PPCPs enter the environment at low but often continual levels by thousands or millions of people in towns and cities around the world.
Some of these chemical compounds are endocrine disruptors that act like hormones and can interfere with reproduction.
Perhaps the most widely publicized study of the impact of endocrine disruptors came in the 1990s when researchers reported male alligators with abnormally small penises and high blood levels of female hormones in a Florida lake with a declining alligator population.
Mitra said scientists have discovered that fish stopped reproducing within a few weeks after low levels of the active ingredient in birth control pills was added to experimental lakes.
Endocrine disruptors aren't found only in oral contraceptives and therapeutic hormones though.
Preservatives called parabens, found in many shampoos and sunscreens, are endocrine disruptors also.
And, at North Carolina State University, scientists found that adding a small amount of a common antidepressant to the water altered the reproductive behavior of freshwater mussels.
Other research is looking at whether low levels of prescription antibiotics could promote pathogen resistance in aquatic species.
Mitra said the technology to reduce chemical levels in wastewater treatment systems is available. Adding ozone or using ultraviolet light will break down chemicals.
"The technology is expensive though, and with so much of the research being so new, I'm not sure many municipalities would be ready to implement the technology now," he said.
"But people should be aware of the impacts of the drugs and products they use, make sure their septic systems are in good working order, and start talking to town councils about this issue," he said.
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